The only currently approved agent is ethiodized poppyseed oil (Lipiodol), which is used for embolo/sclerotherapy and hysterosalpingography. Water-insoluble iodinated contrast media have limited uses. Higher concentration formulations produce a greater peak of enhancement (measured in Hounsfield units) but are also more viscous. Non-ionic LOCM are available in varying concentrations ranging from 240 to 400 mg iodine/mL. The dimer structure of iodixanol fits a higher concentration of iodine atoms per osmole, permitting diagnostic levels of contrast opacification at less toxic osmolality. The only IOCM in current use is a non-ionic dimer, which is composed of two covalently bound tri-iodinated benzene rings: The LOCM category also includes iso-osmolality contrast media (IOCM), which are approximately the same osmolality as serum. LOCM in current use include the following: Modern LOCM are generally, but not always, nonionic monomers composed of tri-iodinated benzene rings with various side chains that contain polar alcohol (-OH) groups that make them water-soluble 3. Low osmolality contrast media (LOCM) are less than three times the osmolality of human serum and preferred for intravascular and intrathecal administration. iothalamate sodium/meglumine (Conray, Cysto-Conray).diatrizoate sodium/meglumine (Gastrografin, MD-Gastroview, Cystografin).HOCM remain used for gastrointestinal and cystourethral administration, including the following agents: As the first generation of iodinated contrast agents, HOCM were associated with high rates of adverse events and fell out of favor in the 1990s for intravascular and intrathecal purposes. High osmolality contrast media (HOCM) are approximately five to eight times the osmolality of serum. In general, HOCM are ionic compounds that include a benzene ring with three iodine atoms and a side chain containing a carboxylic acid (-COOH) group. Water-soluble iodinated contrast media can be classified by osmolality. myasthenia gravis: caution is advised, as reports suggest a clear risk of exacerbation of respiratory symptoms 6,13,14. ![]()
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